This is summarized by the words of historian Susan Lee Johnson:. There seems to be a consensus that Anglos drove him from a rich mining claim, and that, in rapid succession, his wife was raped, his half-brother lynched , and Murrieta himself horse-whipped. He may have worked as a monte dealer for a time; then, according to whichever version one accepts, he became either a horse trader and occasional horse thief, or a bandit. John Rollin Ridge , grandson of the Cherokee leader Major Ridge , wrote a dime novel about Murrieta; the fictional biography contributed to his legend, especially as it was translated into various European languages.
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A portion of Ridge's novel was reprinted in in the California Police Gazette. This story was picked up and subsequently translated into French. The French version was translated into Spanish by Roberto Hyenne, who took Ridge's original story and changed every "Mexican" reference to "Chilean" for either nationalistic reasons or to better fit the Chilean market.
Most biographical sources hold that Murrieta was born in Hermosillo [4] in the northwestern state of Sonora , Mexico. Murrieta reportedly went to California in to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush. While mining for gold, he and his wife supposedly were attacked by American miners jealous of his success.
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Latta documented that the core of these men had first gathered to help Murrieta kill at least six of the Americans who had hanged his stepbrother Jesus Carrillo and attacked him and his wife. They then regularly engaged in illegal horse trade with Mexico, with stolen horses and captured mustangs, driving them from as far north as Contra Costa County and from the gold camps of the Sierra's and from the Central Valley via the remote La Vareda del Monte trail through the Diablo Range then south to Sonora for sale.
By , the California state legislature considered Murrieta enough of a criminal menace to list him as one of the so-called " Five Joaquins " on a bill passed in May The legislature authorized hiring for three months a company of 20 California Rangers , veterans of the Mexican—American War , to hunt down "the five Joaquins, whose names are Joaquin Muriati [sic], Joaquin Ocomorenia , Joaquin Valenzuela , Joaquin Botellier , and Joaquin Carillo , and their banded associates. In the confrontation, three of the Mexicans were killed.
They claimed one was Murrieta, and another Manuel Garcia, also known as Three-Fingered Jack, one of his most notorious associates.
As proof of the outlaws' deaths, the Rangers cut off Three-Fingered Jack's hand, and the alleged Murrieta's head, and preserved them in a jar of alcohol to bring to the authorities for their reward. Seventeen people, including a Catholic priest, signed affidavits identifying the head as Murrieta's, alias Carrillo. In August , an anonymous Los Angeles-based man wrote to the San Francisco Alta California Daily that Love and his Rangers murdered some innocent Mexican mustang catchers, and bribed people to swear out affidavits.
Love had failed to display Murrieta's head at the mining camps, but this was not true. But, 25 years later, the myths began to form. Stidger was reported to have heard Murrieta's sister say that the displayed head was not her brother's. These were never confirmed.
His preserved head was destroyed during the San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire. Murrieta's nephew, known as Procopio , became one of California's most notorious bandits of the s and s; he purportedly wanted to exceed the reputation of his uncle. Murrieta was possibly partly the inspiration for the fictional character of Zorro , the lead character in the five-part serial story, "The Curse of Capistrano," written by Johnston McCulley , and published in in a pulp fiction magazine.
For some activists, Murrieta had come to symbolize the resistance against Anglo-American economic and cultural domination in California.
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The "Association of Descendants of Joaquin Murrieta" says that Murrieta was not a "gringo eater," but "He wanted to retrieve the part of Mexico that was lost at that time in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Joaquin Murrieta has been a widely used romantic figure in novels, stories, and films, and on TV.
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