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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: The elements uranium and thorium gradually decay into lead, different isotopes of lead arising from the various isotopes of uranium and thorium; some isotopes of lead are, however, not produced by any radioactive decay process. More About Uranium-thorium-lead dating 1 reference found in Britannica articles Assorted References study of radioactive isotopes In chemical element: Help us improve this article!

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Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over…. The age of the deposit may be determined by measuring how much of the daughter has formed, providing that neither isotope has entered or exited the deposit after its initial formation. Living mollusks and corals will only take up dissolved compounds such as isotopes of uranium, so they will contain no protactinium, which is insoluble. Protactinium begins to accumulate via the decay of U after the organism dies.

Nuclear materials

Scientists can determine the age of the sample by measuring how much Pa is present and calculating how long it would have taken that amount to form. In the case of a daughter excess, a larger amount of the daughter is initially deposited than the parent. Non-uranium daughters such as protactinium and thorium are insoluble, and precipitate out on the bottoms of bodies of water, forming daughter excesses in these sediments.

Over time, the excess daughter disappears as it is converted back into the parent, and by measuring the extent to which this has occurred, scientists can date the sample. If the radioactive daughter is an isotope of uranium, it will dissolve in water, but to a different extent than the parent; the two are said to have different solubilities.

For example, U dissolves more readily in water than its parent, U, so lakes and oceans contain an excess of this daughter isotope. Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article.

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