Always volunteers to make kiddush on Friday nights. Will challenge you to a game of Settlers of Catan. Has the Sefaria app on his phone. The Woke Guy Claims to be polyamorous; actually just graduated college a virgin, and now at 28 and suddenly experiencing dating success is trying to make the most of it. Strong defender of Woody Allen, thinks Lena Dunham is an evil on par with human traffickers.

Wishes the Forward would get back to its Socialist roots. He thinks he was raised…Deconstructionist? Orders bacon on your first date to make a point. Feels strongly that male circumcision is child abuse. Lives in Murray Hill. Owns 42 white Hanes V-necks.

Good with dogs and babies. Actually a pretty nice guy. The Enthusiastic Reform One: Tries to drape his sweatshirt around your shoulders the moment the temp dips below sixty degrees. His team usually comes second at bar trivia. Actually likes girls who are very skilled at putting on makeup. Claims to be a socialist. Lives and dies Man United.

Has a lot of opinions about pedagogy. Had an absolutely life-altering experience at Limmud There are several opinions regarding where exactly the halakhic date line should be according to Jewish law, and at least one opinion that says that no halakhic date line really exists. The concept of a halakhic date line is mentioned in the Baal HaMeor , a 12th-century Talmudic commentary, [2] [3] [6] which seems to indicate that the day changes in an area where the time is six hours ahead of Jerusalem 90 degrees east of Jerusalem, about This line, which he refers to as the K'tzai Hamizrach the easternmost line , is used to calculate the day of Rosh Hashanah , the Jewish New Year.

The Kuzari of Yehuda Halevi , also a 12th-century work, seems to agree with this ruling.

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Later decisors like the Chazon Ish twentieth century fundamentally agree with this ruling. However, they recognize practical issues associated with the pure use of a line of longitude for this purpose.

As an example, To prevent that, the Chazon Ish rules [8] [9] that the contiguous land masses to the east of that line of longitude are considered secondary tafel to the land masses west of that line. As a result, he rules that the date line runs along By this view, Russia, China and Australia are west of the date line and observe Shabbat on local Saturday.

Japan , New Zealand and Tasmania are east of the date line and should observe Shabbat on local Sunday, as defined by the conventional International Date Line. By this view, the Philippines and Indonesia would have portions west of the line and portions east of the line. By this view, places east of the conventional International Date Line but west of It is possible but not certain under this view to apply the principal of tafel described above as well.

In that event, mainland Alaska would be east of the date line, but the Aleutian Islands would be west of the date line. A variety of decisors [10] rule that the date line runs in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, close to but not necessarily the same as the conventional International Date Line.

According to this point of view, all of the major populated areas of the Pacific such as New Zealand, Japan, Alaska and Hawaii observe Shabbat on local Saturday that is, consistent with the conventional International Date Line.

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Only certain Pacific islands, generally having few or no permanent Jewish residents, might not observe Shabbat on local Saturday. According to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Kasher , there is no clear tradition or Talmudic source dictating any of the preceding opinions as binding. In his view, established Jewish communities are presumed to have fixed their calendars according to this principle. Therefore, Shabbat in an established community is whatever day the community has established.

But the de facto result of this position is consistent with the conventional International Date Line, at least anywhere there is an established Jewish community. In practice, the conventional International Date Line or another mid-Pacific line near it is the de facto date line under Jewish law, at least for established Jewish communities. No known Jewish community observes Shabbat on a day other than local Saturday. As noted above, according to this point of view, Shabbat is simply observed on the date previously established as Shabbat by the local community—uniformly, local Saturday [17] —without any need for any further observance.

This appears to be the default practice for residents of such places as Japan, New Zealand and Hawaii. At minimum, it is difficult to find evidence of other practices by residents of those areas. According to the Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi , the Jews worked as "the assayers of coins, the dyers, the tanners and the bankers in the community". During this time Jews lived in thriving communities all across ancient Babylonia. In the Geonic period — CE , the Babylonian Yeshiva Academies were the chief centers of Jewish learning; the Geonim meaning either "Splendor" or "Geniuses" , who were the heads of these schools, were recognized as the highest authorities in Jewish law.

A period of tolerance thus dawned for the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula , whose number was considerably augmented by immigration from Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest.

Especially after , during the reign of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II , the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the Caliphate of Cordoba , to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In Toledo , Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the Romance languages , as well as translating Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic.

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5. International date line in Judaism.

Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy. Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population. The Golden Age ended with the invasion of al-Andalus by the Almohades , a conservative dynasty originating in North Africa, who were highly intolerant of religious minorities.

Sermonical messages to avenge the death of Jesus encouraged Christians to participate in the Crusades. The twelfth century Jewish narration from R. Solomon ben Samson records that crusaders en route to the Holy Land decided that before combating the Ishmaelites they would massacre the Jews residing in their midst to avenge the crucifixion of Christ. The massacres began at Rouen and Jewish communities in Rhine Valley were seriously affected. Crusading attacks were made upon Jews in the territory around Heidelberg.

A huge loss of Jewish life took place. Many were forcibly converted to Christianity and many committed suicide to avoid baptism. A major driving factor behind the choice to commit suicide was the Jewish realisation that upon being slain their children could be taken to be raised as Christians. The Jews were living in the middle of Christian lands and felt this danger acutely. Many Jews chose self-defence. But their means of self-defence were limited and their casualties only increased.

Most of the forced conversions proved ineffective. Many Jews reverted to their original faith later. The pope protested this but Emperor Henry IV agreed to permitting these reversions. The Jews had preserved their faith from social pressure, now they had to preserve it at sword point. The massacres during the crusades strengthened the Jewry from within spiritually.

Evolution of Jewish Dating

The Jewish perspective was that their struggle was Israel's struggle to hallow the name of God. In , Jews helped the Arabs to defend Jerusalem against the Crusaders.