There was no co-ordination or central direction on the Commune side; each neighborhood fought on its own. The National Guard disintegrated, with many soldiers changing into civilian clothes and fleeing the city, leaving between 10, and 15, Communards to defend the barricades. Delescluze moved his headquarters from the Hotel de Ville to the city hall of the 11th arrondissement. As the army continued its methodical advance, the summary executions of captured Communard soldiers by the army continued. The hands of captured prisoners were examined to see if they had fired weapons.

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The prisoners gave their identity, sentence was pronounced by a court of two or three gendarme officers, the prisoners were taken out and sentences immediately carried out. Amid the news of the growing number of executions carried out by the army in different parts of the city, the Communards carried out their own executions as a desperate and futile attempt at retaliation.

Raoul Rigaut, the chairman of the Committee of Public Safety, without getting the authorization of the Commune, executed one group of four prisoners, before he himself was captured and shot by an army patrol. On 24 May, a delegation of national guardsmen and Gustave Genton, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, came to the new headquarters of the Commune at the city hall of the 11th arrondissment and demanded the immediate execution of the hostages held at the prison of La Roquette.

Genton was given a list of hostages and selected six names, including Georges Darboy, the Archbishop of Paris and three priests. The governor of the prison, M. Genton sent a deputy back to the Prosecutor, who wrote "and especially the archbishop" on the bottom of his note. Archbishop Darboy and five other hostages were promptly taken out into the courtyard of the prison, lined up against the wall, and shot. By the end of 24 May, the regular army had cleared most of the Latin Quarter barricades, and held three-fifths of Paris.

MacMahon had his headquarters at the Quai d'Orsay. The insurgents held only the 11th, 12th, 19th and 20th arrondissements, and parts of the 3rd, 5th, and 13th. Delescluze and the remaining leaders of the Commune, about 20 in all, were at the city hall of the 13th arrondissement on Place Voltaire. A bitter battle took place between about 1, national guardsmen from the 13th arrondissement and the Mouffetard district, commanded by Walery Wroblewski , a Polish exile who had participated in the uprising against the Russians, against three brigades commanded by General de Cissey.

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During the course of the 25th the insurgents lost the city hall of the 13th arrondissement and moved to a barricade on Place Jeanne-d'Arc, where were taken prisoner. Wroblewski and some of his men escaped to the city hall of the 11th arrondissement, where he met Delescluze, the chief executive of the Commune. Several of the other Commune leaders, including Brunel, were wounded, and Pyat had disappeared.

Delescluze offered Wroblewski the command of the Commune forces, which he declined, saying that he preferred to fight as a private soldier. On the afternoon of 26 May, after six hours of heavy fighting, the regular army captured the Place de la Bastille. A contingent of several dozen national guardsmen led by Antoine Clavier, a commissaire and Emile Gois, a colonel of the National Guard, arrived at La Roquette prison and demanded, at gunpoint, the remaining hostages there: They took them first to the city hall of the 20th arrondissement; the Commune leader of that district refused to allow his city hall to be used as a place of execution.

Clavier and Gois took them instead to Rue Haxo. The procession of hostages was joined by a large and furious crowd of national guardsmen and civilians who insulted, spat upon, and struck the hostages. Arriving at an open yard, they were lined up against a wall and shot in groups of ten. National guardsmen in the crowd opened fire along with the firing squad. The hostages were shot from all directions, then beaten with rifle butts and stabbed with bayonets. On the morning of 27 May, the regular army soldiers of Generals Grenier, Ladmirault and Montaudon launched an attack on the National Guard artillery on the heights of the Buttes-Chaumont.

The heights were captured at the end of the afternoon by the first regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Savage fighting followed around the tombs until nightfall, when the last guardsmen, many of them wounded, were surrounded; and surrendered. The captured guardsmen were taken to the wall of the cemetery, known today as the Communards' Wall , and shot. On 28 May, the regular army captured the last remaining positions of the Commune, which offered little resistance.

Itinerant Artists and Commune Cohorts

In the morning the regular army captured La Roquette prison and freed the remaining hostages. A handful of barricades at Rue Ramponneau and Rue de Tourville held out into the middle of the afternoon, when all resistance ceased. Hundreds of prisoners who had been captured with weapons in their hands or gunpowder on their hands had been shot immediately. Others were taken to the main barracks of the army in Paris and after summary trials, were executed there. They were buried in mass graves in parks and squares.

Not all prisoners were shot immediately; the French Army officially recorded the capture of 43, prisoners during and immediately after Bloody Week. Of these, 1, were women, and were under the age of They were marched in groups of or , escorted by cavalrymen, to Versailles or the Camp de Satory where they were held in extremely crowded and unsanitary conditions until they could be tried.

More than half of the prisoners, 22, to be exact, were released before trial for extenuating circumstances or on humanitarian grounds. Since Paris had been officially under a state of siege during the Commune, the prisoners were tried by military tribunals. Trials were held for 15, prisoners, of whom 13, were found guilty. Ninety-five were sentenced to death; to forced labour; 1, to deportation, usually to New Caledonia; 3, to simple deportation; 1, to solitary confinement; 1, to prison for more than a year; and 2, to prison for less than a year.

This Is What It's Like To Live on a Modern Day Commune

They were tried by a panel of seven senior army officers. He went into exile in Switzerland and died before making a single payment. Five women were also put on trial for participation in the Commune, including the "Red Virgin" Louise Michel. She demanded the death penalty, but was instead deported to New Caledonia. In October a commission of the National Assembly reviewed the sentences; of those convicted were pardoned, had their sentences reduced, and 1, commuted.

A general amnesty was granted on 11 July , allowing the remaining condemned prisoners, and sentenced in their absence, to return to France. Participants and historians have long debated the number of Communards killed during Bloody Week.



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The report assessed information about Communard casualties only as "very incomplete". Vacherot told him, "A general has told me that the number killed in combat, on the barricades, or after the combat, was as many as 17, men. All I can say is that the insurgents lost a lot more people than we did. Perhaps he meant both dead and wounded.

In Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray , who had fought on the barricades during Bloody Week, and had gone into exile in London, wrote a highly popular and sympathetic history of the Commune. At the end, he wrote: The chief of the military justice department claimed seventeen thousand shot. Du Camp had witnessed the last days of the Commune, went inside the Tuileries Palace shortly after the fires were put out, witnessed the executions of Communards by soldiers, and the bodies in the streets. He studied the question of the number of dead, and studied the records of the office of inspection of the Paris cemeteries, which was in charge of burying the dead.

Paris Commune

Based on their records, he reported that between 20 and 30 May, 5, corpses of Communards had been taken from the streets or Paris morgue to the city cemeteries for burial. Between 24 May and 6 September, the office of inspection of cemeteries reported that an additional 1, corpses were exhumed from temporary graves at 48 sites, including corpses inside the old quarries near Parc des Buttes-Chaumont , for a total of 6, French writers and artists had strong views about the Commune. Gustave Courbet was the most prominent artist to take part in the Commune, and was an enthusiastic participant and supporter, though he criticized its executions of suspected enemies.

On the other side, the young Anatole France described the Commune as "A committee of assassins, a band of hooligans [ fripouillards ], a government of crime and madness. The old society has twenty years of peace before it On 23 April George Sand , an ardent republican who had taken part in the revolution, wrote "The horrible adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. But our good Frenchmen hasten to pull down their house as soon as the chimney takes fire I come from Paris, and I do not know whom to speak to.

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I am quite upset, or rather out of heart. The sight of the ruins is nothing compared to the great Parisian insanity. With very rare exceptions, everybody seemed to me only fit for the strait-jacket. One half of the population longs to hang the other half, which returns the compliment.

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That is clearly to be read in the eyes of the passers-by. Victor Hugo blamed Thiers for his short-sightedness. At the news that the government had failed to have the cannons seized he wrote in his diary, "He touched off the fuse to the powder keg. Thiers is premeditated thoughtlessness. At the beginning of April, he moved to Brussels to take care of the family of his son, who had just died.