For reference, L1, L2 and L3 are usually black, red and blue respectively.
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The motor leads T1 through T9 are normally, in order, blue, white, orange, yellow, black, gray, pink, red and brick red. Refer to a diagram, if possible, when following the steps below. Connect 1 and 7 to L1, 2 and 8 to L2, and 3 and 9 to L3. Attach the remaining leads 4, 5 and 6 together.
Kevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. More about Kevin and links to his professional work can be found at www. How to Wire a Stepper Motor.
Wye Configuration, Low Voltage
Your circuit may also make use of programmable logic switches, or PLCs. Connect 1 to L1, 2 to L2, and 3 to L3. Then connect 4 to 7, 5 to 8 and 6 to 9. In the perfectly balanced case all three lines share equivalent loads. Examining the circuits we can derive relationships between line voltage and current, and load voltage and current for wye and delta connected loads.
In a balanced system each line will produce equal voltage magnitudes at phase angles equally spaced from each other. With V 1 as our reference and V 3 lagging V 2 lagging V 1 , using angle notation , and V LN the voltage between the line and the neutral we have: The voltage seen by the load will depend on the load connection; for the wye case, connecting each load to a phase line-to-neutral voltages gives: The phase angle difference between voltage and current of each phase is not necessarily 0 and is dependent on the type of load impedance, Z y.
Inductive and capacitive loads will cause current to either lag or lead the voltage. By applying Kirchhoff's current law KCL to the neutral node, the three phase currents sum to the total current in the neutral line. In the balanced case:. In the delta circuit, loads are connected across the lines, and so loads see line-to-line voltages:. Calculating line currents by using KCL at each delta node gives:. Except in a high-leg delta system, single-phase loads may be connected across any two phases, or a load can be connected from phase to neutral. In a symmetrical three-phase four-wire, wye system, the three phase conductors have the same voltage to the system neutral.
The currents returning from the customers' premises to the supply transformer all share the neutral wire. If the loads are evenly distributed on all three phases, the sum of the returning currents in the neutral wire is approximately zero. Any unbalanced phase loading on the secondary side of the transformer will use the transformer capacity inefficiently.
If the supply neutral is broken, phase-to-neutral voltage is no longer maintained.
Phases with higher relative loading will experience reduced voltage, and phases with lower relative loading will experience elevated voltage, up to the phase-to-phase voltage. The method of symmetrical components is used to analyze unbalanced systems. With linear loads, the neutral only carries the current due to imbalance between the phases.
Gas-discharge lamps and devices that utilize rectifier-capacitor front-end such as switch-mode power supplies , computers, office equipment and such produce third-order harmonics that are in-phase on all the supply phases. Consequently, such harmonic currents add in the neutral in a wye system or in the grounded zigzag transformer in a delta system , which can cause the neutral current to exceed the phase current.
An important class of three-phase load is the electric motor.
How to connect a three-phase motor - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange
A three-phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque and high efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for many applications. A three-phase motor is more compact and less costly than a single-phase motor of the same voltage class and rating, and single-phase AC motors above 10 HP 7. Three-phase motors also vibrate less and hence last longer than single-phase motors of the same power used under the same conditions. Resistance heating loads such as electric boilers or space heating may be connected to three-phase systems. Electric lighting may also be similarly connected.
Line frequency flicker in light is detrimental to high speed cameras used in sports event broadcasting for slow motion replays. It can be reduced by evenly spreading line frequency operated light sources across the three phases so that the illuminated area is lit from all three phases. This technique was applied successfully at the Beijing Olympics.
Rectifiers may use a three-phase source to produce a six-pulse DC output. Such rectifiers may be used for battery charging, electrolysis processes such as aluminium production or for operation of DC motors. One example of a three-phase load is the electric arc furnace used in steelmaking and in refining of ores.
Three-phase electric power
In many European countries electric stoves are usually designed for a three-phase feed. Individual heating units are often connected between phase and neutral to allow for connection to a single-phase circuit if three-phase is not available. Most groups of houses are fed from a three-phase street transformer so that individual premises with above-average demand can be fed with a second or third phase connection.
Phase converters are used when three-phase equipment needs to be operated on a single-phase power source. They are used when three-phase power is not available or cost is not justifiable. Such converters may also allow the frequency to be varied, allowing speed control.
Single-Phase Motor, 3 Phase Contactor: How It’s Done
Some railway locomotives use a single-phase source to drive three-phase motors fed through an electronic drive. A rotary phase converter is a three-phase motor with special starting arrangements and power factor correction that produces balanced three-phase voltages. When properly designed, these rotary converters can allow satisfactory operation of a three-phase motor on a single-phase source. In such a device, the energy storage is performed by the inertia flywheel effect of the rotating components. An external flywheel is sometimes found on one or both ends of the shaft.
A three-phase generator can be driven by a single-phase motor. This motor-generator combination can provide a frequency changer function as well as phase conversion, but requires two machines with all their expenses and losses. The motor-generator method can also form an uninterruptible power supply when used in conjunction with a large flywheel and a battery-powered DC motor; such a combination will deliver nearly constant power compared to the temporary frequency drop experienced with a standby generator set gives until the standby generator kicks in.
Capacitors and autotransformers can be used to approximate a three-phase system in a static phase converter, but the voltage and phase angle of the additional phase may only be useful for certain loads. Variable-frequency drives and digital phase converters use power electronic devices to synthesize a balanced three-phase supply from single-phase input power. Conductors of a three-phase system are usually identified by a color code, to allow for balanced loading and to assure the correct phase rotation for motors.
Colors used may adhere to International Standard IEC now merged into IEC , older standards or to no standard at all and may vary even within a single installation. For example, in the U. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mains electricity by country. Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets. European color codes are used for all IEC or flex cables such as extension leads, appliance leads etc.
Harmonised colours and alphanumeric marking. National Electric Code has not specified coloring of phase conductors.
Local regulations may amend the N. National Electric Code has color requirements for grounded conductors, ground, and grounded-delta three-phase systems which result in one ungrounded leg having a higher voltage potential to ground than the other two ungrounded legs. We also stated one rationale for this three-phase system; namely, that a three-phase generator experiences a constant torque on its rotor as opposed to the pulsating torque that appears in a single- or two-phase machine, which is obviously preferable from a mechanical engineering standpoint.
Electrician's Calculations Manual 2nd Edition. Retrieved 21 December Archived from the original PDF on Duncan Glover; Mulukutla S. Archived from the original on 8 September Retrieved 24 November Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. Retrieved 18 December Proceedings of the IEEE. Safety Standard for Electrical Installations 23rd ed.